1. Digitalization and Technological Developments

• The Rise of E-Commerce: Global trade has become faster and more accessible thanks to digital platforms. The spread of e-commerce has enabled SMEs to easily enter international markets.
• Automation and Artificial Intelligence: Automation of production has reduced logistics costs, while AI-based analytics have optimized trading decisions.
• Digital Products: The share of harmful digital foreign trade such as software, music and games is increasing.

Effects: Logistics and customs rates have accelerated, and traditional trade models must adapt to digitalization.

2. Reshaping Global Supply Chains

• Pandemic and Geopolitical Tensions: The COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical periods have increased what has been achieved through diversifying the chains of each other's products and continuous historical work.
• Nearshoring: Companies are shifting their production to closer divisions within their home countries or units to protect their supply chains from risks.

Effects: The continuity of global trade has led to Asia-centric production models being replaced by more regional models.

3. Sustainability and Green Economy

• Carbon Footprint Reduction: Countries and companies are turning to replaceable energy sources and sustainable production to reduce their carbon footprint.
• Green Trade Agreements: Environmental rule-based trading systems have become more common across countries.

Effects: While demand for environmentally friendly products is increasing, new regulations such as carbon taxes and changes in foreign trade costs are emerging.

4. Regional Trade Agreements and Blocs

• Free Trade Agreements: Solution agreements such as the EU-Mercosur agreement or the RCEP in Asia-Pacific redirect trade flows.
• Protectionism and Tariff Policies: While some countries are increasing protectionism, others are strengthening their free trade policies.

Effects: Global trade has become more regionalized, raising the costs of tariffs and trade wars.

5. Financial and Economic Fluctuations

• Inflation and Interest Rate Policies: Inflationary pressures and rising interest rates make trading revenue more sustainable.
• Fluctuations in Exchange Rates: Covering the fluctuations in the global foreign exchange market and import and export costs.

Effects: Companies increasingly need financial instruments to hedge against risk.

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